What are brain networks?
Brain networks are interconnected regions of the brain that work together to perform specific functions. Yeo et al. (2011) introduced a widely accepted model of 17 networks, including both high-level networks like the default mode network (DMN), dorsal and ventral attention networks, frontoparietal control network, and specialized networks for visual, motor, and limbic functions. These networks are essential in mental health treatment, as disruptions in their connectivity are linked to disorders such as depression, anxiety, schizophrenia, and ADHD. Understanding these networks enables more precise interventions, such as TMS, which targets specific dysfunctional networks to restore balance and improve mental health outcomes.
How do we estimate brain networks?
Brain networks are typically estimated using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), particularly through resting-state fMRI scans. A 10-minute resting-state fMRI scan can capture spontaneous brain activity by measuring fluctuations in blood oxygenation levels (BOLD signals). This allows researchers to map functional connectivity between brain regions without requiring task performance, making it a powerful tool for identifying intrinsic brain networks, understanding mental disorders, and tailoring neuromodulation therapies like TMS.
Is taking an MRI safe?
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is considered a safe, non-invasive diagnostic tool. It does not use ionizing radiation, unlike X-rays or CT scans, and is generally well-tolerated by most individuals. However, safety precautions are necessary for individuals with metallic implants, pacemakers, or claustrophobia. For most patients, MRI poses minimal risk, although loud noises during the scan may require ear protection to prevent discomfort.
What is transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and its benefits?
Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a non-invasive brain stimulation technique that uses magnetic fields to stimulate nerve cells in specific brain areas. TMS is widely used in treating depression, particularly treatment-resistant depression, by targeting the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex to modulate neural activity. Its benefits include improving mood, reducing anxiety, and enhancing cognitive functions with minimal side effects compared to conventional pharmacological treatments, making it a valuable option in psychiatric care.
Are there any side effects from TMS?
While TMS is generally well-tolerated, it can have side effects. Common side effects include mild headaches, scalp discomfort at the stimulation site, and muscle twitching during treatment. In rare cases, more severe side effects like seizures can occur, particularly in patients with a history of epilepsy. However, these risks are mitigated through careful patient screening and adherence to safety protocols, making TMS a relatively safe treatment option for most individuals.
